Greek & Hebrew Bibliography

yucikov" psukikos meaning pertaining to the soul; motivated and controlled through the soul. Adjective: masculine singular nominative, no degree or a positive degree, 5591; from yuchv, 5590. 1 Cor 2:14. 2/443, 28/CD, 31/CD, 37/CD.

pneumatikov" that which pertains to the spirit; motivated and controlled through the spirit. Adjective: masculine singular nominative, 4152; from pneu'ma, 4151. 1 Cor 15:44. 2/331, 5/688/5, 28/CD, 31/CD, 37/CD.

sarkikov" of the flesh, pertaining to the body, under the control of the flesh, motivated and controlled through the appetites and desires of the flesh. Adjective, 4559; from savrx, 4561. 2/363-364, 5/357/1, 28/CD, 31/CD, 37/CD.

pneu'ma 1) spirit, spiritual being such as the Holy Spirit or man’s spirit capable of knowing, desiring, deciding and acting. 2) wind, breath of nostrils or mouth. 3) a spirit as in angel or demons who can possess a human being. 4) The spiritual nature of Jesus which is higher than the highest angels and equal to God, the divine nature of Christ. 5) God’s Spirit, for God is spirit, John 4:23-24. 6) The Holy Spirit, the third Person of the Trinity. Noun: neuter singular nominative, 4151; from pnevw to breathe, to blow, 4154. 1 Thess 5:23. 2/331, 5/923/5, 28/CD, 31/CD, 37/CD.

yuchv Soul , Hebrew vp,n<, the heart, mind and emotions of man. Man’s Soul is the means by which he has self-consciousness, relationship with self. Second, it is the medium between the spirit and the body. Third, it is what man becomes and manifests through his physical body in personality, vocation, and lifestyle as a result of, one, heart response to what he has learned through his mind body, conscience, and emotions; two, through what he has received from God through his spirit; and three, as a result of those abilities and talents God has chosen to give him individually. Man’s Mind an organ of the soul, is his computer by which he stores information gained through his five senses--the body, spirit, soul, conscience, heart, and emotions. Man’s Heart , kardiva — 2588, the essence of his soul, is the part of man which decides how he will respond to what he has learned through his spirit, soul and body; through his mind; through gifts and manifestations of the Holy Spirit; through the promptings of his conscience; and through his emotions. It is the volitional part of man. That which animates the body in both men and animals. Noun: feminine, 5590; from yuvcw, 5594. 1 Thess 5:23. 2/443, 5/918/4, 28/CD, 31/CD, 28/CD, 31/CD, 37/CD.

sw'ma 1) a living or dead physical body of both man and animals. 2) the bodies of planets and stars, heavenly bodies. 3) body of men; spiritual body, 1 Cor 15; soulish body, 1 Cor 15; mystically the body of Christ, Eph 5. 4) Of the body that casts a shadw, in contract to the skiva the thing itself, the reality, Col 2:17. Noun: neuter singular nominative, 4983; from swvzw to save, 4982. 1 Thess 5:23. 2/395, 5/102/15, 28/CD, 31/CD, 37/CD.

ajpauvgasma a reflected brightness in that Jesus perfectly reflects the Majesty of God without error or blemish, thus, radiance. Noun: neuter singular nominative, 541; from ajpov from, away from, hence, it variously signifies departure, distance of time or place, 575, & aujgavzw, 826, to be bright, shine forth, give light. intrans. Heb 1:3. 2/36, 26/CD, 28/CD, 31/CD, 37/CD.

carakthvr exact-image, an impress, the exact expression (the image) of any person or thing, marked likeness, precise reproduction in every respect; an instrument used for engraving carving; the mark stamped upon an instrument. Noun: masculine, singular, nominative, 5481; from the same as cavrax a pale or stake, a palisade, 5482. Heb 1:3. 2/435, 4/913, 28/CD, 31/CD, 37/CD.

uJpovstasi" 1) essence, substance, the real nature of a thing; Heb 1:3 used of Christ stating that He is of the very essence of God meaning of the real nature of that to which reference is made in contrast to the outward manifestation, it refers to the fact of the Divine essence of God existent and expressed in the revelation of His Son. While the American version of the Bible translates this person this english translation was not given to it until the 4th century A.D. Most earlier English versions used the word substance. In Hebrews 11:1 it has the meaning of confidence, assurance meaning to give substance to. 2) a standing under; a taking of a thing upon one's self. 3) an assumed position, an assumption of a specific character, 2 Cor 11:17. 3) an engagement undertaken with regard to the conduct either of others, a vouching, 2 Cor 9:4, or of one's self a pledged profession, Heb 3:14. 4) the foundation of hope, confidence, assurance, an inner assurance, mental knowing of a truth or fact, the gift of faith and knowledge manifested (1 Cor 12:8-9), Hebrews 11:1. Noun: feminine singular nominative, 5287; from uJpov under, 5259, & i{sthmi to make to stand, set, place; to fix, appoint; to establish, confirm, 2476. 2/419, 28/CD, 31/CD, 37/CD.

!yhiloa> Elohim is a singular plural, Deut 6:4, universal term for God in Genesis meaning: These-are-El, These-are-God. Rabbi Bechai, in his commentary on Genesis 1:1 (p. 1, col. 2) explained that the word Elohim !yhiloa> is compounded of two words, !h and la, that is, "These are God," thus indicating the Triune nature of God. The plural is expressed by the letter yod ( y ). It is also used when referring to pagan gods, judges, the great, the mighty, angels. Though in plural form, Elohim, like in Genesis 1:1, is treated as a singular noun, followed by a singular verb ar;B; in which in Genesis 1:1 is the first indication of the Trinity God of the Bible: Three-in-One; thus why it is used in Deuteronomy 6:4 "Hear, Israel! Yehovah our-Elohim, Yehovah is One!" It refers to the supreme deity, and in English versions of the Bible is inadequately rendered ‘God’. Like its English equivalent, it is, grammatically considered, a common noun, and conveys the notion of all that belongs to the concept of deity, in contrast with man (Num 23:19) and other created beings. It is appropriate to cosmic and world-wide relationships, Genesis 1:1, because there is only one supreme and true God, and he is a Person; it approaches the character of a proper noun, while not losing its abstract and conceptual quality. Noun: masculine singular plural, 430; plural of H'wloa>, 433. 1/28, 26; 32/CD; 5/412/4; 31/CD, 37/CD, 42/CD, 58/99.

ajkatavluto" indestructible, incapable of dissolution, indissoluble; hence enduring, everlasting. Adjective: masculine singular nominative, 179; from a denotes privation, 1, & a derivative of kataluvw to dissolve, destroy, 2647. Heb 7:15-16. 2/12, 26/CD, 28/CD, 31/CD, 37/CD.

ajrrabwvn, w'no", oJ a pledge, earnest, first instalment, deposit. Originally, earnest—money deposited by the purchaser and forfeited if the purchase was not completed, was probably a Phoenician word, introduced into Greece. In general usage it came to denote a pledge or earnest of any sort; in the N.T. it is used only of that which is assured by God to believers; it is said of the Holy Spirit as the Divine pledge of all their future blessedness. In modern Greek arrabolla is an engagement ring. Noun: masculine singular nominative, 728; of Hebrew origin @wbor;[} pledge, security, 6162. Ephesians 1:14. 2/52, 26/CD, 28/CD, 31/CD, 37/CD.

proorivzw 1) to predetermine, ordain-beforehand. 2) to foreordain, appoint beforehand. Verb: Masculine singular Nominative, 4309; from prov before, 4253, & ojrivzw determine, 3724. Eph 1:5. 2/345, 5/722/17, 28/CD, 31/CD, 37/CD.

hw:hoyÒ Yehovah, German pronunciation Jehovah. This is the proper eternal forever name of the one and only true God given to Moses by God on Mt. Siani, Exodus 3:14, meaning I Am that I Am, the existing One, 3068; from hy:h; to be, exist, 1961. God says of this name of His in Exodus 3:15 "This is My name forever, and this is My memorial-name to all generations." In early Jewish history, Jewish Myth decided saying God’s name was too sacred, Titus 1:13-14. Therefore when reading the Hebrew text they would substitute hw:hoyÒ Yehovah with yn:doa} Adonai meaning my-Lord, 136. As a result, later when Masoretic scholars began to supply vowel points to the consonantal text of Biblical books, they applied the vowels of yn:doa} Adonai to the consonants of hw:hoyÒ resulting in the pronunciation of Yehovah, thus why this translator chooses to translate it Yehovah based on the Masoretic text so as not to lose the meaning of the text to the English reader, and to distinguish it from Adonai meaning Lord and Elohim meaning God. The Hebrew grammarian Page H. Kelley explains regarding this "If there had been no need to avoid pronouncing hwhy, it would most likely have been pointed hw<h]y" and thus read as Yăhvěh. The curious attempt to transliterate the hybrid form hw:hoyÒ as ‘Yehovah’ (or "Jehovah," since "y" was missing in the German language) was not made until the time of the Protestant Reformation." Many times in the Hebrew text the divine names hwIhyÒ yn:doa} appear together meaning Adonai-Yehovah, 136a, Gen 15:2. Since in the Masoretic text it would be awkward to pronounce them together as Adonai-Adonai, Masoretic scholars chose to point hwhy Yehovah with the vowels of !yhiloa> Elohim, 430. This results in the form hwIhoy> Yehovah, later simplified to hw:hyÒ meant to be pronounced as Elohim. This is why translators in the modern english versions translate, incorrectly and thus lose the meaning of the text, Yehovah as LORD when in the Adonai form and as GOD when in the Elohim form, and why they translate hwIhyÒ yn:doa} Adonai Yehovah as Lord GOD. In the Greek Septuagint and in the N.T. Yehovah is expressed: Ejgwv Eijmi Ego Eimee meaning I Am, 1473a, to signify God’s name Yehovah since egwv by itself means I-am. Jesus often used this expression referring to Himself as Yehovah: John 8:24, 8:58, 13:19. From Ejgwv I, 1473, & Eijmiv to be, to exist, 1510. 1/171, 2/114, 118; 42/CD; 26/CD; 28/CD; 31/CD; 37/CD; 67/32.

rx'y: to form, fashion, mold as a potter, to squeeze into shape; figuratively to determine or form a resolution. Verb: qal third masculine singular, 3335; identical to 3334. Gen 2:7. 1/339, 5/367/2, 31/CD, 37/CD, 42/CD.

rp;[; dust, earth, mould, clay, powder, ashes, ground, mortar, rubbish, debris, ore. Noun: masculine singular, 6083; from rp'[; grey or to pulverize, 6080. Genesis 2:7. 1/609, 5/276/2, 31/CD, 37/CD, 42/CD.

hm;d;a} 1) ground, soil, land. 2) land, region, country. 3) piece of ground, property. 4) earth substance for building or construction. 5) whole inhabited earth. 6) personal name of a city Adamah, 128, in the tribe of Naphtali, Joshua 19:36. Noun: feminine singular, 127; from !dea; red, to be red, 119. Genesis 2:5. 1/7, 5/438/1, 31/CD, 37/CD, 42/CD.

jp'n: Qal: to breathe, blow; followed by b blow into it; followed by Al[': tj'p'l; vae wyl;k; to blow fire upon it — ore, for melting, so fig. and I will blow upon you with (b) the fire of my wrath. Pual: to be blown; a fire not blown by any human breath. Hiphil: to cause to breathe out; Hv;p]n" 'n she has breathed out her life of a mother; h;yl,[;B] vp,n< yTijP;ji the life of its (the land's) owners I have caused them to breathe out; /t/a !T,j]P'hiwÒ and you have sniffed at it in contempt. Absolute: j'Wpn: rysi a blown, as in a well-heated, boiling, pot. Verb: 3 masculine singular, 5301. 1/556, 5/114/1, 31/CD, 37/CD, 42/CD.

#a' 1) nostril as organ of breathing, nose as organ of smelling. 2) anger, #a' l['B', #a' vyai an angry man. Dual !yIP'a' 1) the nostrils. 2) meton. face, countenance; !yIP'a' hx;r]a' the face to the ground; yPea'l] at the face of, before. 3) two persons, !yIP'a'tj'a'hn;m; a portion of two persons, i. e. a double portion. 4) anger; 'a' &r,a, slow to anger, 'a' rx'q] quick to anger, impatient. Noun: masculine singular, 639; from to breath hard, i. e. be enraged angry, displeased, 599. 1/36, 5/700/1, 31/CD, 37/CD, 42/CD.

hm;v;nÒ breath, spirit. noun fem. sing. of mv'n: to breath, pant, 5395. Gen 2:7. 1/567, 566; 31/CD, 37/CD, 42/CD.

!yYIj' lives. noun masc. pl., 2416d; from yy'j; to live, life, 2416c, of yj', 2416. Gen 2:7. 1/256, 31/CD, 37/CD, 42/CD.

vp,n< soul, soul-life, self-consciousness. Man’s Soul is the means by which he has self-consciousness, self-awareness, relationship with self. Second, it is the medium between the spirit and the body. Third, it is what man becomes and manifests through his physical body in personality, vocation, and lifestyle as a result of, one, heart response to what he has learned through his mind body, conscience, and emotions; two, through what he has received from God through his spirit; and three, as a result of those abilities and talents God has chosen to give him individually.The whole view of the Bible is that the life of man is his soul and that the soul itself is man himself. The two passages in the Bible Matthew 16:26 and Luke 9:25 makes this plain. Watchman Nee, in his book The Spiritual Man, comments concerning these two passages: "This signifies that the Holy Spirit is using Matthew to explain the meaning of ‘himself’ in Luke and Luke the meaning of ‘soul’ in Matthew. Man’s soul is the man himself, and vice versa."^48/41 The soul is the essence of man himself, the medium between his spirit and body. The spirit has no access to the body except through the soul and then only with the soul’s initiated cooperation. In the same way, the body has no access to the spirit. Man’s soul is also the means by which man carries out God’s will and plan for his life. Jesus reveals his will for our lives though our spirits. The soul then decides whether it will carry it out through the body or not. The Old Testament identifies man’s soul with his blood: "Only flesh¹³²⁰ with its soul^5315c, its blood^1818a, you shall not eat" (Genesis 9:4, Leviticus 17:11-14). Blood flowing through man’s veins represents that he is physically alive. As long as we are physically alive and the blood is flowing, the potential of the full development of our souls, as Jesus intended, has the potential of being realized. But if murdered or our blood is shed (Gen 9:4-6) the potential of what we could have become and accomplished in Christ is destroyed. Jesus shed his blood, gave up his earthly soul-life, so that our souls might be saved. Sin takes place in the soul. Watchman Nee writes, "We should carefully note that the soul is where man expresses his free will and exerts his own mastery. The Bible therefore often records that it is the soul which sins. For example, Micah 6:7 says, ‘the sin of my soul.’ Ezekiel 18:4, 20 reads, ‘the soul that sins.’ And in the books of Leviticus and Numbers mention frequently is made that the soul sins. Why? Because it is the soul which chooses to sin."^48/48-49 Because it is the soul that sins, therefore it is the soul that needs to be atoned for. Moses wrote, "You give the heave-offering of Yehovah to make atonement for your souls" (Exodus 30:15). "For the soul of the flesh is in the blood; and I have given it to you upon the altar to make atonement for your souls, for it is the blood that makes atonement for the soul" (See also Numbers 31:50). Isaiah 53:10-12 tells us that Jesus poured out His Soul, shed His blood, to redeem our souls. Sin also destroys the potential of the soul. This is why the writer of Proverbs states "He who commits adultery with a woman is lacking heart; he who would destroy his soul does it." (Prov 6:32). It takes discipline and self-control over one’s emotions and lusts to develop his soul-potential. Sin weakens the will (Heart) resulting in lack of discipline and self-control and thus frustrating the soul-potential or destroying it all together. Jesus, in talking about the soul, said, "If anyone wishes to come after Me, let him deny himself, and take up his cross, and follow Me. For whoever wishes to save his soul shall lose it; but whoever loses his soul for My sake shall find it. For what will a man be profited, if he gains the whole world, and forfeits his soul? Or what will a man give in exchange for his soul? For the Son of Man is going to come in the glory of His Father with His angels; and will then recompense every man according to his doing" (Matt 16:24-27). Jesus explains clearly that our soul is developed through surrender of our lives and will to His will. To pursue our own course according to our own will leads to ultimate destruction of our soul; that is, destroys the potential of what Jesus intended. Jesus said, "It is the Spirit who creates-life¹²⁶; the flesh profits nothing" (John 6:63). In Matthew 16:24-27, Jesus is also telling us that if we will not compromise in our walk with him when man shuts the door in our face through natural means, that He will Himself make sure that our soul is developed as He intended. He will make the way (Prov 29:25; 1 Pet 2:23, 4:19). The Apostle John said, "Beloved, I pray that in all respects you may prosper and be in good health, just as your soul prospers." (3 John 2). As we allow Jesus to develop our talents and abilities according to His purpose and plans for our lives, which is our soul development, there will be a market for what we have and thus financially and materially we will prosper. (Deut 30:9-10). I believe this involves the maturity of our character as well. Noun: feminine singular, 5315; from vp'n: to take a breath, refresh oneself, 5314. Gen 2:7. 1/558, 5/917/2, 31/CD, 37/CD, 42/CD.

savrx 1) Flesh, humanity, human race, man, Matthew 24:22, Luke 3:6, John 1:13-14, 17:2. 2) fellow-countrymen, kindred, Romans 11:14. 3) flesh descendant, lineage, Romans 1:3, 9:3. 4) flesh referring to this life, 1 Cor 7:28. 5) flesh refering to the appetite and desires of the body, Galatians 5:16-17, 24; Romans 8:3, 5. 6) flesh referring to humanity born into the world with a soul and body but devoid of spirit, John 3:6. 7) flesh referring to self and confidence in the strength of self through the soul and body, self motivated and controlled, rather than by the Holy Spirit through our human spirit, John 6:63, Romans 7:5, 2 Corinthians 7:5, Galatians 2:23, 29, 3:3; Ephesians 2:11; Philippians 3:3; Colossians 2:18; Hebrews 9:13-14. 8) flesh referring to the physical body, Matthew 19:5, Luke 24:39, Acts 2:31, 1 Corinthians 15:39, Hebrews 9:10. Noun: feminine singular nominative, 4561. 2/363, 28/CD, 31/CD, 37/CD.

rc;B; 1) flesh. 2) rc;B;AlK; all flesh meaning all physically living creatures of both man and animal. 3) flesh of blood relations, Gen 2:23. 4) flesh, meaning in bondage to the bodly appetites and desires, Gen 6:3. 5) flesh, meaning depending on the strength of men rather than God, Jer 17:5. 6) body of both man and animals. Man’s Body is the means by which he has world-consciousness and is the means by which he relates to and communicates with the physical world through his five senses. Second, it is the means through which his soul carries out Jesus’ love and plan for his life outlined in the Bible and revealed through his spirit through union with the Holy Spirit. Third, it is the means by which he gives expression of his soul-life. This is the reason for the resurrection, because our bodies are the means through which we are able to give expression of our soul life. The lost are also resurrected, and the damnation of Hell is that they are no longer able to develop or give expression of their soul-life through the body. This is what is meant by the destruction of the soul: Destruction meaning no means to develop or express their inward soul forever; absolute permanent frustration of development and expression of the soul through the body: Hell. Jesse Penn-Lewis, in his book Soul & Spirit, says the following about the constitution of man: "Tertullian, one of the Church Fathers who wrote in the early centuries of the Christian era, calls the ‘flesh’—or physical being—‘the body of the soul’, and the soul ‘the vessel of the spirit.’ The soul stands between the spirit and the body, for ‘direct communication between spirit and flesh is impossible; their intercourse can be carried on only by means of a medium’—the soul being that medium." Noun: masculine singular, 1320; from rc'B; to anounce, declare, 1319. 1/123, 31/CD, 37/CD, 42/CD, 52/138.

tevleio" 1) brought to its end, finished. 2) totally complete. 3) perfect. 4) that which is perfect in human integrity and virtue. 5) full grown, adult, of full age, mature. Adjective: masculine singular nominative, 5046; from tevlo" end, 5056. 1 Cor 2:6. 2/400, 5/745/2, 28/CD, 31/CD, 37/CD.

w[feile was-obligated-to-be.  Verb: 3 person singular imperfect active indicative, 3784j; of ojfeivlw, 3784. 26/CD, 28/CD, 31/CD, 37/CD.

hY:j' life, living creature. Noun: fem. sing of masc, 2416b; of yj', 2416. Gen 2:7. 31/CD, 37/CD, 42/CD.

j'Wr 1) Ruach, Spirit of God, wind, breath, spirit, breath of air, air, gas; spirit, disposition as troubled, bitter, discontented; prophetic spirit; God’s spirit departing at death, disembodied being. 2) spirit of man. Noun: masculine singular, 7307; from j'Wr, 7306. Gen 1:2. 1/678, 5/924/2, 3; 31/CD, 37/CD, 42/CD.

Greek & Hebrew Bibliography
Top of Page