Scientists have discovered that more than twenty different amino acids are required to produce proteins necessary for the smallest living cell. These proteins composed of amino acids are thin lines only 1 millionth the size of a human hair. The smallest cell has over five hundred of these amino acids. Each amino acid has side groups of atoms. Examining these proteins in living cells, biologists discovered that they are all left-handed. However, amino acids produced in a laboratory are exactly like those found in non-living matter but with 50 percent "left-handed" and 50 percent "right-handed." Living cells, however, can only exist when the atoms are solely "left-handed." The possibility of life occurring by chance with only left-handed amino acids is 1 chance in 10¹⁵⁸.^288/122

How complicated is the living cell? It is many times more complicated than the most complex Super Cray computer. For one, the cell can reproduce itself and also repair itself. A super Cray computer can do neither. Nothing in the living cell is left to chance, it is all highly regulated and carried out by enzymes.

One example of the complexity of the cell is its ability to handle waste material.⁴⁰² In order for the cell to function, it first has to have a cell wall to separate what is inside from what is outside. The problem, however, with a wall boundary is how do you transport waste products out and desired products in? The cell accomplishes this by having transport proteins and ion channels that allow only specific molecules to pass through and molecules you want to keep in from passing out.

How does the cell accomplish this? One of the ways is through an internal cell machinery called proteozone. Proteozone is a cylindrically shaped object. Inside it are protoases which are enzymes that degrade and break down proteins into amino acids and peptides. On the top of the Proteozone is a lid that senses what proteins need to be degraded and opens and the proteins go in and are degraded by the proteoases and amino acids and peptides come out the other end. It is both a trash compacter and recycling machine at the same time.

Another complicated job that goes on in the cell is the reproduction of DNA. There are many specific enzyme engines in the cell just for this purpose. One enzyme called helocase separates the two strands of DNA and holds them apart for DNA replication. Two other proteins make up a sliding clamp. The sliding clamp hold the DNA enzyme polymerase on the DNA as it is replicating. Without this clamp the polymerase quickly falls off. The enzyme polymerase carries on another function, it corrects its own mistakes. If it begins by accident to place an incorrect base in sequence on the DNA strand, it will immediately backup, let go of the incorrect base and then place the correct base in its place. So accurate is this proof reading mechanism that there is only one mistake made out of a billion. If all this was by chance, why would there be any enzyme correcting mechanism in place? It is because it is not by chance, but by design by an infinitely intelligent all powerful Creator.

1. Camp, Ashby L. The Myth of Natural Origins. Tempe, AZ: Ktisis Publishing, © 1994 by Ashby L. Camp.

*Evolution Through Genetic Mutations
     A Scientific Impossibility

Another theory put forth by evolutionists of how evolution took place, which also does not explain how life began, is the theory of Mutational Evolution. Mutational Evolution teaches that over time genes in animals were mutated and led to these animals being better able to compete for resources within their environment. Because this was true, they increased in number faster than previous life forms which, as a result, were displaced from those environments. These then became enhanced life forms. Over billions of years, many mutations have taken place which evolutionists believe have led to the many varieties of life forms which we see on earth today.^403/114-117

The current leading scholar concerning the genetic human genome is Dr. Francis Collins. Dr. Francis Collins is a Creationist, but he is recognized world wide as the leading geneticist and he was originally the man in charge of structuring, analyzing and mapping the human genome. Based on this man’s research, Dr. Maddox, a genetic specialist, has stated on paper that science has now calculated that a genetic mutation of as little as 1 billionth (.00000001) of a percent of an animals genome is relentlessly fatal!³²⁸

Now the genetic difference between man and the chimpanzee is at least 1.6%. That doesn’t sound like much, but calculated out, that is a gap of at least 48 million nucleotide differences that must be bridged by random changes. A random change of only 3 nucleotides is fatal to an animal and the death of a crippled mutant animal ends all possibility of further change.

A recent reference book on medical genetics lists over 4,500 diseases caused by genetic mutations. Mutations are permanent random changes in cellular DNA. They change the genetic code for amino acid sequence in proteins. It is understood that the fire that occurred in the Apollo capsule that killed three astronauts was the result of a comma in the wrong place for instruction for creating the space capsule. One amino acid out of sequence as a result of base sequence error in the DNA creates similar results in the biochemical world. These wrong DNA instructions are the result of deletion or insertions of a DNA base, the alphabet of DNA. When this takes place in the female ova or male sperm DNA, the genetic mutation becomes permanent and is what is known as inherited diseases. Mutations also take place in cells in the body and accumulate over time but are not passed on. These are known as "somatic mutations." Cancers and other degenerative diseases are the result of this kind of mutation.

Geneticist Dr. Ling Lester explains that a mutation is basically just a genetic mistake.⁴⁰⁴ Genes are passed on from generation to generation. To be passed on they are copied. Like in any other copying process, the copying of genes can result in mistakes. These mistakes we call mutations. Dr. Carl Weeland explains that in everyone of us is information, an information code, which determines that we are going to be a human being verses an alligator, that you will have blue eyes verses green eyes. Half of this information comes from our mother and half from our dads. DNA from our parents is two six foot long strands of billions of nucleotides. This DNA is cut up into 23 pieces we call chromosomes. Genes are little sentences along these DNA chromosome strands. The information in these genes, which determines for example whether you will have green or blue eyes, is not passed on like a copier, but is copied one letter at a time. The total information in the DNA in ourselves and all the coded letters would fill volumes and volumes of books. In twenty minutes, all the information, all the letters and sentences which determines what we are going to be, is copied from the 23 chromosomes in our cells for reproduction. Every once in a while a typo occurs in this process which results in a mutation of that gene. Amazingly our bodies have filtering mechanisms which filter out many of these mistakes. Sometimes, however, despite this, a mistake gets by. If this happens in the sperm of the male or egg of the female it is passed on permanently from generation to generation and these mutations build up from generation to generation. Like in a computer program, if you have a defect in the program and copy it, you copy the defect with it.⁴⁰⁴

If this is true, why don’t we see this accumulation of defects in ourselves more greatly than we do? The reason is because it will only show up if both parents have this same defect in the same gene. If one does not, the good gene is produced rather than the defective one, another miracle which cannot be explained by blind chance.

Biologist Dr. Gary Parker explains that evolutionists want us to believe that mutations are the writers who are writing new information into the script that give us new traits and new abilities. The facts of science shows us just the opposite.⁴⁰⁴ Darwin and his associates believed that if an animal through successive generations did not use a particular genetic expression, that this would result in a change in the genetic script and would be passed on to the offspring. We know now though through science that this is not the case, that whether genes are used or not, they are still passed on from one generation to another.

Unfortunately, what evolutionists don’t tell you is that all mutations are harmful, not beneficial. Mutations cause problems rather than the means for evolutionary change. We here a lot about cholesterol today. Two much in our blood streams results in the clotting of our arteries. Recently it has been discovered that this is caused by a biochemical defect called familial hypercholesterolenia (FH). This disorder is the result of a mutation of a gene which creates a protein imbedded in the cell membrane which allows fats and cholesterol created in the liver to pass through into the cell. In some cases little or none of this protein is produced or if it is produced is not imbedded into the cell membrane. In other cases the protein is imbedded in the cell membrane but does not link with the fat or cholesterol packages. In another case it is not allowed to stay imbedded in the cell membrane. In another case the protein links with the fat and cholesterol packages but does not allow them to pass through into the cell.

Cholesterol in our systems is not bad because it is used in the construction of cell membranes. When the cell needs cholesterol it sends a message to the liver and the liver produces cholesterol in the blood stream for the cell to use. When the cell is not able to pass the cholesterol through its cell membrane, it keeps sending more messages to the liver to produce more cholesterol because it doesn’t know the problem is not being able to pass the available cholesterol through. This results in high levels of cholesterol in the blood stream. The end result is rapid atherosclerosis and heart disease. If a child has inherited this problem it results in fatal heart disease in their youth.

Another example of a mutated disease is cystic fibrosis (CF). This is another disease which cripples children and leads to early death. It results in damage to the lungs, digestive organs and in males the spermatic duct. It is the result of the misspelling of one key gene which regulates chloride ion transport across the cell membrane. The production of this protein involves 250,000 base pairs in the mRNA and 1,480 amino acids in the production of the protein. Research has shown this defect is the result of a deletion of three nucleotides (3 bases) which results in the loss of a phenylalanine, an amino acid, residue on the peptide chains of the protein. This error in instruction results in lung infections, pancreatis, male infertility, but never anything beneficial. These facts indicate that every atom in our body is placed by the specific design of an intelligent Creator, not by accident.

What causes cancer? This involves genes concerned with cell replication. There are genes whose function are to suppress cell replication and genes which are concerned with encouraging cell replication. Both are necessary for proper cell function and growth. When a mutation, however, damages the gene for suppression of cell replication, you get uncontrolled replication of cells which results in a tumor. This is what we call cancer. This kind of damaging mutation takes place over time and is mainly an old age disease. However, if this mutation is inherited it results in cancer in children.

Evolutionists will cite sickle cell anemia as an example of a beneficial mutation because if a person receives the mutated gene for this from just one parent he will be resistant to malaria. What they do not tell you is that if the person receives this gene from both parents, which results in their having sickle cell anemia, it will result in an early death in life. Regardless of the benefit to resistance to malaria, how is dying early in life beneficial?

In light of these scientific facts, why do evolutionists continue to insist that evolution came about through mutations? Because there is no new source of genetic material to bring about evolution except through something rewriting the script which already exists. Because they come from the assumption that evolution is true, it had to come about through genetic mutations. However, ask any evolutionary scientists to give you examples of good beneficial mutations and all you will receive from them is silence. However there are thousands and thousands of documented examples of mutations that are non-beneficial and destructive. When God created us in the beginning the genetic code needed no improvement.

Another fact that evolutionists do not explain about the concept of evolution is that in order to produce a new highly complex organ requires not one genetic mutation, but thousands, but not just thousands of mutations, but mutations that can work in concert together and bring about a beneficial result. Science has never witnessed to any degree an organism developing a new organ through mutations. All mutations are destructive, not constructive. Mutations are mutations, not evolution in any stretch of the imagination. Mutations rather than being an increase of information are a decrease of information, a corrupting of the information that already exists. Information is lost, not built up. No scientist has ever witnessed a mutation increasing information, only corrupting the information that already exists.